2008年8月31日 星期日

骨質疏鬆症與復健運動

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new8905-209
高雄院區復健科主治醫師 洪禎雯

對於預防或治療骨質疏鬆症,除了常常被提及的飲食及藥物的處理外,適當的復健計劃也是重要的一環。一個適當的復健計劃必須是量身訂做,而非一份套餐用在任何人身上,其內容的設計主要取決於三方面: 1.骨質流失的程度。 2.身體嬴弱的程度。 3.容易跌倒的機率大小。 一般而言,骨質疏鬆是年紀大的人才會面臨的問題,但預防骨質疏鬆則要從年輕做起。適度的運動有益肌肉與骨骼健康,可增進肌張力與彈力,且可增強骨骼的耐受力、增加骨骼血流量,使骨骼外形變粗增大,也可使骨密度增高,這些效果特別是在年輕人身上可以很明顯地看到。

對年輕人而言,適當的運動可以儲存骨本,延緩日後骨質疏鬆的產生,但是並非所有的運動都可以有此好處。研究顯示,有氧運動可以減少骨質的吸收進而增加骨的形成,而無氧運動則無此效果,而非荷重性的運動,如游泳、騎自行車對骨質增加也沒有幫助。一般建議的運動包括:跑步、球類運動、田徑運動、划船等等。年輕人可從事較劇烈的運動,但不宜過量:如女性運動員運動量太大,易使月經停止,可能同時發生內分泌異常,反而使骨質流失,骨密度下降。而運動量不適當增高,也可能造成疲乏性骨折。以上這些是年輕人在運動時要特別注意的。

對於年紀較長的人,特別是屬於骨質疏鬆高危險群者,在設定其復健計劃時要特別小心,需先做骨質密度的測定,並詢問有關骨質疏鬆的病史做為參考。大抵上可以將他們分成三組:

第一組:為骨質密度較參考值小於一個標準差者。給予的復健訓練計劃可以包括: 1.伸展運動:主要做胸肌的伸展運動,可以配合深呼吸的動作,另外對身體其他軟組織有較緊現象的部份,可以徒手牽拉的方式做伸展。 2.肌力訓練:骨骼質量與肌肉增厚度成正比,與肌力大小亦呈正相關,且有部位的特異性。跌倒時,較厚的肌肉也具較好的緩衝作用,使骨骼受力較小較不會發生骨折,故可針對某部位做加強訓練。一般常做背肌、腹肌、上肢、下肢的個別肌力訓練。原則上,均從較簡單、較低的運動強度做起,依據每個人的狀況逐漸增強,給予不同的程度阻抗,以達加強肌力的訓練目的。通常一開始需有專家的指導為宜。 3.平衡及移位訓練:沒有外來支撐的雙腳站立平衡訓練,可在眼睛張開及閉眼等不同情況下做訓練,還可做單腳站立訓練。移位訓練重點在跌倒的預防。 4.教導正確的搬、提重物技巧:例如要拿的東西要儘量靠近身體,使用下肢非背部的力,避免脊椎彎曲等等。工作或家裡環境的設計,儘量符合人體工學,減少不必要的用力。 5.姿勢矯正訓練,利用一些運動做自我姿勢的矯正。

第二組:若骨質密度測量結果為低於參考值1.25個標準差之間,或有一處因骨質疏鬆造成的骨折,則其復健計劃與第一組會有一些差異,主要是在強度上要特別小心。舉例來說,一樣是做背肌伸展的肌力訓練,一開始需從坐在椅子上做此運動,若情況允許方可進展至在俯臥的姿勢下做,若為第一組的病人則不需強調此過程的進展。在上肢肌力訓練方面,第一組病人可用上肢將身體撐起,這個動作在本組即不適宜。同時在執行這些訓練項目,最好均有專業復健人員在旁督導。此外,在平衡、移位訓練方面,則需考量是否應給予適當的助行器,以協助步態訓練。在提物訓練方面,對於拿起超過5公斤的東西,要非常小心,宜儘量避免。這組病人可能會因骨折,特別是脊椎骨折,而有疼痛情形發生,除了一般的藥物治療,復健治療還可提供冷、熱、電療等物理治療儀器,來緩解其症狀,而給予適當的背架或束腹對有壓迫性骨折的患者,也可達到減輕症狀的效果。

第三組:當骨骼密度低於參考值2.5個標準差以上,或有兩個以上因骨質疏鬆導致的骨折,在復健計劃的執行時就更需小心謹慎。剛開始要由復健專業人員做示範,若要逐漸給予阻力時,其進展需緩慢且阻力不宜太大,例如在提物上就絕對禁止提起超過5公斤的東西。在移位訓練上除了行走訓練(可能需要助行器的幫助)外,還需評量其在床上、椅子上、或浴缸裡的移位情況,而其背架的選擇可能會需要有較多支撐力的背架(body jaket)。病人脊椎若有較多節的骨折,其疼痛情況會更嚴重,除了前面所提到物理治療項目外,甚至會需要做脊椎小平面關節或肋骨神經的阻斷注射。骨質疏鬆的防治是全方位的,包括飲食、藥物、良好的生活習慣及適當的復健訓練計劃。這是一輩子的事,要從年輕做起,隨時開始都不嫌遲,只是在不同的階段有不同的階段該做或可以做的事,特別是復健計劃的擬定上,更是需量身訂做,尤其是當已有骨質疏鬆產生時,若不當的運動及訓練可能未蒙其利先受其害,不可不小心謹慎。

2008年8月26日 星期二

菲爾普斯


菲爾普斯, originally uploaded by Frank Chen Rehab.

注意兩手之展開感

2008年8月25日 星期一

菲爾普斯 2


菲爾普斯 2, originally uploaded by Frank Chen Rehab.

手臂的旋轉
上頸椎的動作

只要發揮想像力,什麼事都有可能發生

NOWnews【重點新聞】京奧/倫敦奧運是菲爾普斯最後一站?
拿下生涯14金,菲爾普斯必須開始習慣他的名人生活以及不斷累積的財富,但菲爾普斯並不太在意,他表示,「人有無限潛能,我在過去4年學到的就是,只要發揮想像力,什麼事都有可能發生。我唯一想要的只是開心,而那是最重要的。我不需要什麼事都很完美,我只想開開心心的走完我的職業生涯。」


2008年8月24日 星期日

長期痠痛治不好 恐是憂鬱症

醫定要注意/長期痠痛治不好 恐是憂鬱症-Yahoo!奇摩新聞
您會不會常常有頭痛、肌肉酸痛的症狀,長時間下來都無法根治呢?如果有這種情形的民眾要當心了!您可能是憂鬱症的高危險群。根據調查,憂鬱症的患者中,有七成的病患都會出現頭痛、身體酸疼,但以往常常被認為是一般疾病,反而延誤了憂鬱症的治療時間。

頭痛!頭痛!頭常常疼痛嗎?根據調查,長期有頭痛的毛病,其實是罹患憂鬱症的高危險群。不只頭痛,還包括腰部痛、肌肉酸痛莫名的慢性疼痛,而且台灣有將近7成憂鬱症患者會併發身體疼痛。

精神科醫師李信謙說,疼痛及憂鬱有因果關係,特別憂鬱者缺乏「正腎上腺素」致全身疼痛

慢性疼痛往往讓人疏忽,錯失發現憂鬱症的黃金時間,但究竟是真酸痛還是真憂鬱,如果已經是憂鬱症的患者,從心情上來區分身體疼痛會造成他們情緒低落,甚至厭世有自殺念頭,在心裡層面也會一直覺得自己的酸痛的毛病比醫師說的還要嚴重,這些都屬於疼痛型的憂鬱症患者。

如果長期陷入心情鬱悶而且身體疼痛,又找不出原因,吃藥也吃不好,精神科醫師李信謙建議,或許要從精神科方面下手,早期發現早期治療。(新聞來源:東森新聞記者賴思豪、林奕勳)

Chronic neck pain--- stretch & strength?

BMJ Evidence Updates
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of a 12-month home-based combined strength training and stretching programme against stretching alone in the treatment of chronic neck pain. DESIGN: A randomized follow-up study. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred and one patients with chronic non-specific neck pain were randomized in two groups. INTERVENTION: The strength training and stretching group was supported by 10 group training sessions and the stretching group was instructed to perform stretching exercises only as instructed in one group session. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Neck pain, disability, neck muscle strength and mobility of cervical spine were measured before and after the intervention. RESULTS: No significant differences in improvement in neck pain and disability were found between the two training groups. Mean (SD) pain decreased from 64 (17) mm by 37 (95% confidence interval (CI) 44 to 30) mm in the strength training and stretching group, and from 60 (17) mm by 32 (39 to 25) mm in the stretching group. The improvements in disability were significant in both groups (P<0.001), while the changes in neck strength and mobility were minor. Training adherence decreased over time from the targeted three sessions a week, ending up at 1.1 (0.7) times a week for strength training and stretching group and 1.4 (0.8) times a week for stretching group.
CONCLUSIONS: No statistically significant differences in neck pain and disability were observed between the two home-based training regimens. Combined strength training and stretching or stretching only were probably as effective in achieving a long-term improvement although the training adherence was rather low most of the time.

2008年8月2日 星期六

Motor cortex stimulation for chronic pain: systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature

BMJ Evidence Updates

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify the efficacy of invasive and noninvasive brain stimulation for the treatment of chronic pain. METHODS: MEDLINE and other databases were searched as data sources. Reference lists and conference abstracts were examined for further relevant articles. We included studies that evaluated the effects of invasive and noninvasive brain stimulation of motor cortex on chronic pain using the visual analogue scale. Eleven studies using noninvasive brain stimulation and 22 studies using invasive brain stimulation met our inclusion criteria. The results showed that weighted responder rate was 72.6% (95% CI, 67.7-77.4) for the invasive stimulation studies and 45.3% (95% CI, 39.2-51.4) for the noninvasive stimulation studies. This difference was significant. For the noninvasive stimulation studies, the random effects model revealed that the number of responders in the active group was significantly higher as compared with sham stimulation group (risk ratio of 2.64) (95% CI, 1.63-4.30).
CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis shows that two different techniques of brain stimulation of motor cortex--invasive and noninvasive--can exert a significant effect on pain in patients with chronic pain. We discuss potential reasons that invasive brain stimulation showed a larger effect in this meta-analysis. Our findings encourage continuation of research in this area and highlight the need for well-designed clinical trials to define the role of brain stimulation in pain management.

Exercise for fibromyalgia: a systematic review

BMJ Evidence Updates
Exercise for fibromyalgia: a systematic review

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a syndrome expressed by chronic widespread pain often associated with reduced physical function. Exercise is a common recommendation in management of FM. We evaluated the effects of exercise training on global well-being, selected signs and symptoms, and physical function in individuals with FM. METHODS: We searched Medline, Embase, CINAHL, SportDiscus, PubMed, PEDro, and the Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trials to July 2005 and included randomized trials evaluating cardiorespiratory endurance, muscle strength, and flexibility. Methodological quality was assessed using the van Tulder and Jadad instruments. Training protocols were evaluated using American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) guidelines. Clinical heterogeneity limited metaanalysis to 6 aerobic and 2 strength studies. RESULTS: There were 2276 subjects across the 34 studies; 1264 subjects were assigned to exercise interventions. Metaanalysis of 6 studies provided moderate-quality evidence that aerobic-only exercise training at ACSM-recommended intensity levels has positive effects on global well-being (SMD 0.49, 95% CI 0.23-0.75) and physical function (SMD 0.66, 95% CI 0.41-0.92) and possibly on pain (SMD 0.65, 95% CI -0.09 to 1.39) and tender points (SMD 0.23, 95% CI -0.18 to 0.65). Strength and flexibility remain underevaluated; however, strength training may have a positive effect on FM symptoms.
CONCLUSION: Aerobic-only training has beneficial effects on physical function and some FM symptoms. Strength-only training may improve FM symptoms, but requires further study. Large, high-quality studies of exercise-only interventions that provide detailed information on exercise prescription and adherence are needed.